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Climategate

Η αντιπαράθεση μέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου γνωστή ως Climategate[1][2] αποκαλύφθηκε το Νοέμβριο του 2009 με το χακάρισμα ενός διακομιστή στο Τμήμα Κλιματικής Έρευνας (CRU) του Πανεπιστημίου Ανατολικής Αγγλίας (UEA).[3][4] Ένας εξωτερικός εισβολέας αντέγραψε χιλιάδες e-mail και αρχεία ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών, τα οποία ανέβασε σε διάφορες ιστοσελίδες στο Διαδίκτυο. Η δημοσιοποίηση έγινε στοχευμένα λίγες εβδομάδες πριν από τη διάσκεψη κορυφής της Κοπεγχάγης για την κλιματική αλλαγή, με αποτέλεσμα να υπάρξει σύγχυση ως προς το πραγματικό μέγεθος του προβλήματος και τις επόμενες κινήσεις που έπρεπε να αποφασιστούν.[5]

Η ιστορία αναδείχτηκε από τους αρνητές της κλιματικής αλλαγής,[6] με τον αρθρογράφο James Delingpole να χρησιμοποιεί για πρώτη φορά τον όρο "Climategate".[7] Σύμφωνα με τους παραπάνω, τα μηνύματα ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου έδειχναν ότι η υπερθέρμανση του πλανήτη ήταν επιστημονική συνωμοσία και ότι οι επιστήμονες χειραγωγούσαν δεδομένα για το κλίμα προσπαθώντας να καταστείλουν τους επικριτές.[8][9] Το πανεπιστήμιο απάντησε ότι τα μηνύματα ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου είχαν παρουσιαστεί μονομερώς και απλώς αντανακλούσαν μια ανταλλαγή απόψεων.[10][11]

Τα υπόλοιπα μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης ανέδειξαν την ιστορία ταυτόχρονα με την έναρξη των διαπραγματεύσεων για τον μετριασμό της κλιματικής αλλαγής, που ξεκίνησαν στην Κοπεγχάγη στις 7 Δεκεμβρίου 2009.[12] Με τον τρόπο που έγινε, οι επιστήμονες, οι υπεύθυνοι για τη χάραξη πολιτικής και έμπειροι επικοινωνιολόγοι εκτίμησαν ότι η δημοσίευση της αλληλογραφίας είναι μια εκστρατεία κηλίδωσης που αποσκοπούσε να υπονομεύσει τη διάσκεψη για το κλίμα.[13] H Αμερικανική Ένωση για την Προώθηση της Επιστήμης (AAAS), η Αμερικανική Μετεωρολογική Κοινότητα (AMS) και η Ένωση Ενδιαφερόμενων Επιστημόνων (UCS) προέβησαν σε δηλώσεις που υποστηρίζουν την κοινή παραδοχή των επιστημόνων ότι η μέση θερμοκρασία της Γης αυξάνεται εδώ και δεκαετίες, καταλήγοντας ως εξής: «με βάση τις πολλαπλές αποδείξεις επιστημονικών ερευνών ότι η κλιματική αλλαγή που βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη προκαλείται από τις ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες ... αποτελεί μια αυξανόμενη απειλή για την κοινωνία».[14] Επιπλέον, οκτώ επιτροπές που διερεύνησαν τους ισχυρισμούς και τις δημοσιευμένες εκθέσεις, ανέφεραν ότι δεν υπήρχαν σε αυτές στοιχεία απάτης ή επιστημονικές παρατυπίες.[15] Το συμπέρασμα στο οποίο κατέληγαν όλες οι εν λόγω έρευνες ήταν ότι η υπερθέρμανση του πλανήτη συμβαίνει ως αποτέλεσμα της ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας.[16]

  1. ↑ Chameides, Bill. "Climategate Redux". Scientific American, 30 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Closing the Climategate". Nature. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  3. ↑ Pooley 2010, p. 425: "Climategate broke in November, when a cache of e-mails was hacked from a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England." See: Pooley, Eric (2010). The Climate War: True Believers, Power Brokers, and the Fight to Save the Earth. Hyperion Books. (ISBN 1-4013-2326-X); Karatzogianni 2010: "Most media representations of the Climategate hack linked the events to other incidents in the past, suggesting a consistent narrative frame which blames the attacks on Russian hackers... Although the Climategate material was uploaded on various servers in Turkey and Saudi Arabia before ending up in Tomsk in Siberia..." Extensive discussion about the media coverage of hacking and climategate in Karatzogianni, Athina. (2010). "Blame it on the Russians: Tracking the Portrayal of Russians During Cyber conflict Incidents". Digital Icons: Studies in Russian, Eurasian and Central European New Media. 4: 128–150. ISSN 2043-7633.
  4. ↑ Norfolk Constabulary (18 Ιουλίου 2012). «Police closes UEA investigation». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 19 Ιουλίου 2012. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Ιουλίου 2012. 
  5. ↑ «How did a hacking scandal impact climate science?». BBC News. 
  6. ↑ Leiserowitz et al., 2010, "Climategate, Public Opinion, and the Loss of Trust Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2011-07-20 στο Wayback Machine.". Working Paper, Subject to Revision. Yale University.
  7. ↑ Allchen 2010, p. 591: "James Delingpole, in a blog for England's Telegraph, promptly dubbed it "Climategate." See: Allchen, Douglas. (2010). "Sacred Bovines: The Nature of Science From Test Tubes to YouTube". American Biology Teacher. 72 (9):590–592. doi:10.1525/abt.2010.72.9.15; Booker 2009: "A week after my colleague James Delingpole , on his Telegraph blog, coined the term 'Climategate' to describe the scandal revealed by the leaked emails from the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit, Google was showing that the word now appears across the internet more than nine million times." See: Booker, Christopher (2009) "Climate change: this is the worst scientific scandal of our generation". The Telegraph. 28 November; For the original article see: Delingpole, James (2009). "Climategate: the final nail in the coffin of 'Anthropogenic Global Warming'? Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2016-01-22 στο Wayback Machine." The Telegraph. 20 November; Nine days after his original article, Delingpole clarified how he came up with the name. Although he has been given credit for coining and popularizing the term (Booker 2009; Allchin 2010, etc.) he got the original idea from an anonymous blogger named "Bulldust" on the Watts Up With That blog. See: Delingpole, James (2009). "Climategate: how the 'greatest scientific scandal of our generation' got its name Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2011-06-29 στο Wayback Machine.". The Telegraph. 29 November; Delingpole told Dennis Miller, "Climategate was the story that I helped to break..." See The Dennis Miller Show. (28 June 2011). "James Delingpole Interview". Event begins at 2:45.
  8. ↑ Hickman, Leo; Randerson, James (20 November 2009). "Climate sceptics claim leaked emails are evidence of collusion among scientists". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  9. ↑ Somaiya, Ravi (7 July 2010). "Third Inquiry Clears 'Climategate' Scientists of Serious Wrongdoing". Newsweek. Retrieved 15 May 2011. "For skeptics, the 1,000 or so e-mails and documents hacked last year from the Climactic [sic] Research Unit of the University of East Anglia (UEA), in England, establish that global warming is a scientific conspiracy...Climategate, now a firmly established "gate," will probably continue to be cited as evidence of a global-warming conspiracy"; Efstathiou Jr., Jim; Alex Morales (2 December 2009). "UK climate scientist steps down after email flap". Bloomberg. LiveMint. Retrieved 15 May 2011. "The emails, dating back as far as 1996, have been cited by sceptics of man’s contribution to global warming as evidence of a conspiracy to manipulate data to support research... They’re conspiring to keep papers out of published journals," Marc Morano, a climate sceptic who is editor of a website on the issue, said referring to the emails in a 24 November interview. "You see them as nothing more than a bunch of activists manufacturing science for a political goal."
  10. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet (21 November 2009). «Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center». The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112004093.html. 
  11. ↑ Webster, Ben (21 November 2009). «Sceptics publish climate e-mails 'stolen from East Anglia University'». The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6926325.ece. 
  12. ↑ Mooney & Kirshenbaum p. xi: "In the ensuing scandal after the e-mails became public, top climate scientists were accused of withholding information, suppressing dissent, manipulating data, and worse, particularly by right wing media and blogs. The controversy garnered dramatic press attention, especially on outlets like Fox News; and because Climategate occurred just before the critical United Nations climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, it knocked the whole event off rhythm in the media sphere." See: Mooney, Chris; Kirshenbaum, Sheril (2010) Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future. Basic Books. (ISBN 0-465-01917-X); Boslough 2010: "As evidence for human-caused climate change has mounted, global warming denialists have responded by blaming the messengers. Climate researchers have endured abuse by bloggers, editorial writers, Fox News pundits, and radio talk show hosts who have called them liars and vilified them as frauds. The attacks had become increasingly vile as the past decade, the hottest in human history, came to an end. Angry activists have called for firings and criminal investigations, and some prominent scientists have received physical threats." Boslough, Mark (2010). "Mann bites dog: why 'climategate' was newsworthy". Skeptical Inquirer. March–April. 34 (2): 14; Goldenberg 2010: "Journalists at Fox News were under orders to cast doubt on any on-air mention of climate change, a leaked email obtained by a media monitoring group revealed today. According to the email, obtained by Media Matters, Fox News's Washington bureau chief, Bill Sammon, imposed an order to make time for climate sceptics within 15 minutes of the airing of a story about a scientific report showing that 2000–2009 was on track to be the hottest decade on record. Media Matters said the bureau chief's response to the report exhibited a pattern of bias by Fox News in its coverage of climate change. It also noted the timing of the directive. The email went out on 8 December last year, when the leaders of nearly 200 countries met in Copenhagen to try to reach a deal on climate change...In addition to the email, it said Fox had tried to delegitimise the work of climate scientists in its coverage of the hacked emails from the University of East Anglia. The network had displayed a pattern of trying to skew coverage in favour of the fringe minority which doubts the existence of climate change, Media Matters said." See Goldenberg, Suzanne. (15 December 2010). "Fox News chief enforced climate change scepticism – leaked email". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Limited; In addition to the 24/7 news coverage, Fox News created a 17 minute documentary starring climate sceptic Patrick J. Michaels. See: Baier, Bret. (2010) Fox News Reporting: Global Warming...or a lot of Hot Air? Fox News.
  13. ↑ Winter, Brian (25 November 2009) "Scientist: Leaked climate e-mails a distraction". USA Today. Retrieved 12 May 2011. "A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change skeptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009). "Hacked climate emails called a "smear campaign" Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2015-09-24 στο Wayback Machine.. Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2011. "Three leading scientists who on Tuesday released a report documenting the accelerating pace of climate change said the scandal that erupted last week over hacked emails from climate scientists is nothing more than a "smear campaign" aimed at sabotaging December climate talks in Copenhagen"; Carrington, Damian; Suzanne Goldenberg (4 December 2009). "Gordon Brown attacks 'flat-earth' climate change sceptics". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2011. "On the eve of the Copenhagen summit, Saudi Arabia and Republican members of the US Congress have used the emails to claim the need for urgent action to cut carbon emissions has been undermined...The concern for some of those attempting to drive through a global deal is that the sceptics will delay critical decisions by casting doubt over the science at a time when momentum has been gathering towards a historic agreement...'The sceptics have clearly seized upon this as an incident that they can use to their own ends in trying to disrupt the Copenhagen agreements,' said Bob Watson, Defra chief scientist and former head of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"; Fimrite, Peter (5 December 2009). "Hacked climate e-mail rebutted by scientists". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 May 2011. "A group of the nation's top scientists defended research on global climate change Friday against what they called a politically motivated smear campaign designed to foster public doubt about irrefutable scientific facts...'They have engaged in this 11th-hour smear campaign where they have stolen personal e-mails from scientists, mined them for single words or phrases that can be taken out of context to twist their words and I think this is rather telling,' Mann said"; Carrington, Damian (28 October 2010). "IPCC vice-chair: Attacks on climate science echo tobacco industry tactics". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2011. "The attacks on climate science that were made ahead of the Copenhagen climate change summit were 'organised' to undermine efforts to tackle global warming and mirror the earlier tactics of the tobacco industry, according to the vice-chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)... 'It is a very similar process to what the tobacco industry was doing 30 or 40 years ago, when they wanted to delay legislation, and that is the result of research – not my subjective evaluation – by Prof Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway.' Oreskes, a science historian at the University of California San Diego, told the Guardian she agreed with Van Ypersele's that the attacks on climate science were organised: 'Many of us were expecting something to happen in the run-up [to Copenhagen]. When it happened, the only thing that surprised me was that, compared with the events we documented in our book, the attacks had crossed the line into illegality.'"
  14. ↑ Henig, Jess (2009). "FactCheck: Climategate Doesn't Refute Global Warming". Newsweek. 11 December.
  15. ↑ The eight major investigations covered by secondary sources include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); Independent Climate Change Review (UK); International Science Assessment Panel Αρχειοθετήθηκε 9 May 2013 στο Wayback Machine. (UK); Pennsylvania State University first panel Αρχειοθετήθηκε 25 September 2010 στο Wayback Machine. and second panel Αρχειοθετήθηκε 30 January 2012 στο Wayback Machine. (US); United States Environmental Protection Agency (US); Department of Commerce (US); National Science Foundation (US).
  16. ↑ Biello, David (Feb 2010). "Negating 'Climategate'". Scientific American. (302):2. 16. ISSN 0036-8733. "In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame"; See also: Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "The Administration's View on the State of Climate Science". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by Office of Inspector General.

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